Cel Animation

A cel which is short for celluloid, is a sheet on which objects are drawn or painted for traditional, hand-drawn animation. The characters are drawn on cels and laid over a static background drawing. But since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable and because of this it was replaced. 

Advantages - Saves time, effort and cost because you don't have to redraw the entire frame. Removed the jittery appearance of pre-celluloid frames..

Disadvantages - still needs to be photographed and put on film. Characters and other objects could not be saved and reused due to their physical nature. Complex process involving requiring a high level of skill

The advantage is that that cell animation looks crisper/cleaner and most has a more highly detailed look to it. is more expressive of style, and has a much more classic feel to it, and makes the audience more easily able to relate to characters. cell animation is revered as a classic art form. the only disadvantage to cell animation is that it takes a long time to produce a cartoon or film due to the huge amount of frames needed to make movement and is very time consuming as well, and because of this it is more expensive to produce 2D/traditionally animation films. 

Patented in 1915 by John Randolph Bray and Earl Hurd, it has dominated the animation industry, virtually unchanged until the introduction of computers.

Flipbook

The flipbook is a book with a series of pictures that go from one page to the next at a fast speed and when this happens it simulates motion and these inventions were mostly made for childrens books but were also used by adults.

The only equipment necessary for creating a flip book was a lot of paper or a notepad and a pencil.

The first flip book appeared in September, 1868, when it was patented by John Barnes Linnett under the name kineograph ("moving picture"). They were the first form of animation to employ a linear sequence of images rather than circular.

advantages  - easily make your own animation movies, cheap to make (time apart). Can be added to and extended.

 disadvantages  - not robust, high degree of artistic ability and imagination required. Time consuming. Characters and scene must be redrawn on each page. Cannot be changed easily, pages cannot be reused.

Stop-Motion

Stop-motion also known as stop frame is a animation that manipulates an object that appears to move on its own and when this works it creates an illusion of movement when the frames are played as one.

The equipment that you would need to make stop-motion are Professional, low cost, multi-axes, table-top animation motion control rig or the ideal tool for all 3D stereoscopic animation or time-lapse photography, stereoscopic stepper for heavy duty with convergence option and a very compact stop frame, timelapse and video/HD head.

The first instance of the stop motion technique can be credited to Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton in 1898.

These are the advantages  of stop-motion are Cheap to make and  film like an the disadvantages are its  very demanding on time and effort, can require a lot of artistic ability.

Zoetrope

The zoetrope is one of many animation toys created in the 19th century and how this invention works is it shows a series of pictures but once it is spinning it begins to create the illusion of a moving picture.

The zoetrope is easy to make at home you just need the right equipment to create this toy and if you want to create this you will need these items- A drum,  A rotation device, A sharp utility knife for cutting board, a pencil, ruler, removable tape such as drafting tape, white or PVC glue, weights to help the board/glue dry flat, hot glue sticks and a hot glue gun.

Advantages - simple versions of the equipment can be easily made, cartoon strips can be swapped to provide variety. Beginning to look like a movie.
Disadvantages - has many and moving parts that can go wrong. A degree of artistic ability is needed to create cartoon strips.

The zoetrope was invented in 1833 by a British mathematician William George Horner.  He called it the daedaleum and erroneously claimed to mean the wheel of the devil.

Thaumatroope

A thaumatrope is a small toy that was popular in the 19th century. The thaumatrope is a circle with two drawings on each side and it is controlled by a long piece of string and you twirl the piece of string using your fingers and it creates an image.

Advantages - simple, cheap and fun to make and use.
Disadvantages - needs a fair degree of artistic ability.

The creator of the thaumatrope is a man named John Aytron paris and the year the device was first used was 1824.

There are also advantages and disadvantages in this invention and they are its easy to make but there is a chance that you could get bored of it in a very short time and although it is very easy to make people could still have trouble with it and that's why there are lots and lots of videos and pictures showing you a step by step guide.